Chapter 1: Positronium -- https://studio.youtube.com/video/PQik...
Positronium is considered to be an exotic atom. It has no nucleus. It also has a short lifetime.
This chapter uses positronium as an example to show how matter (electrons) and antimatter (positrons) can interact without annihilating each other immediately. Despite their opposite charges, both electrons and positrons possess spin and a magnetic moment. The relativistic orbital model presented here incorporates a quantum gravity (QG) hypothesis for the first time. According to this new theory, the spin of both the electron and the positron changes four times during an orbital revolution. They return to their starting point with a total angular sum of 720° and the same spin state (s, s'). In the process, the electric fields caused by the spin in the four arcs cancel each other out, as do the respective angular momenta of the particles within their orbital paths. Each particle thus forms a standing wave with two periods (T, T') on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a radius of r₁, avoiding collision by regularly alternating between the outer and inner sides of its respective orbital path (U₁, U₂) along double-helix loops of equal path length (g = g'). In this process, each electron and positron forms a standing wave with two periods (T and T') on the surface of a virtual transformation sphere with a radius of r₁. While avoiding collision, they regularly alternate between the outer and inner sides of their respective orbital paths (U₁ and U₂) along double-helix loops. Consequently, matter and antimatter orbit their common virtual centre of mass (M₁) while maintaining maximum distance from each other due to magnetic repulsion, thus avoiding immediate annihilation. Instead, they form an atom known as positronium, which resembles the hydrogen atom. According to the relativistic orbital model, positronium can exist in this state for longer than previously thought because a collision between an electron and a positron is impossible. The central magnetic field line, shown in yellow in the video, remains unoccupied due to the magnetic repulsion between the particles. It serves as a reference line that clarifies the dimensional relationships.
#resrom1 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #hydrogen #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience
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Chapter 2: SpaceTime -- https://lnkd.in/esKe6bBe
This chapter puts forward the idea that the universe is made up of identical cube-shaped building blocks arranged within an underlying structural system. Inside each cube, an oscillating sphere resonates with a much larger structure consisting of atoms, molecules and crystals. Electrons obtain their inexhaustible energy through resonance with oscillating cubes throughout the universe. It is assumed that this infinite block universe extends in all directions of Euclidean space. In principle, this oscillation could occur in all three dimensions, as represented by the x, y, and z axes. The oscillation of this standing wave relates to #resrom1, which illustrates the geometric constraints imposed by the Poincaré group that limit the amplitude and displacement of a standing wave consisting of two periods (T and T'). However, it should be noted that the width of the underlying belt structure shown in Chapter 1 is variable. Recent experiments demonstrate that electron superposition can extend to the diameter of the entire universe. Within the theoretical framework of a block universe, photons can travel instantaneously between the boundaries of the universe. In contrast, electrons are influenced by gravity and cannot travel faster than the speed of light (299,792,458 metres per second). Your comments are appreciated.
#resrom2 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #hydrogen #quantummechanics #electron #standardmodel #gravity #entanglement #neutrality #natural_science #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecular_biology #materials_science #medicine #biology #neuroscience
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Chapter 3: Hydrogen -- https://lnkd.in/e4VcPwzh
How Gravity Interacts With Spacetime
Ladies and gentlemen,
I studied architecture rather than chemistry or physics, but it is one of the few professions in which it is possible to become a generalist — particularly if you are interested in discovering "what holds the world together at its very core," as in Goethe's Dr. Heinrich Faust. The following lines from Faust, Part One, Chapter 1, "Night," perhaps show just how close Goethe came to unraveling this worldly mystery—at least in poetic terms:
"How everything weaves itself into a whole, how one thing works and lives within the other! How the forces of heaven rise and fall and pass the same golden buckets to one another! With wings fragrant with blessing, they penetrate from heaven through the earth, resounding harmoniously throughout the entire universe!” Goethe sensed that there must be a fabric in the universe connecting dead and living matter through energetic exchanges carried by vibrations. Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity states that space and time are relative and that the speed of light in a vacuum is constant for all observers. According to Einstein's general theory of relativity, gravity is not an invisible force of attraction. Rather, it is the result of the curvature of space and time. As an architect and structuralist, I have made a discovery that neither physics nor chemistry has achieved. I discovered standing wave structures within the nested s orbitals that are connected to the curvature of space and time, as described by the general theory of relativity. These structures are also related to quantum mechanics and zero-point energy. As a quantum-scale phenomenon, zero-point energy represents the smallest possible quantity in quantum mechanics. Neither more nor less! In seventeen chapters, I have only just begun to explore the world of chemical elements and molecules. Within the s orbitals, I discovered a scale-independent standing wave with two periods. This wave must derive its energy from resonance with the cosmic microwave background radiation (CMB). This is the only explanation for why an electron does not immediately fall into the atomic nucleus, why a permanent magnet never loses its magnetic force and why gravity holds the world together. Join me as I take you on a journey into the marvellous world of orbitals and explore the quantum nature of chemistry. I welcome discussion and hope you experience a 'Eureka!' moment as your understanding expands. The resonant, quantum-mechanical orbital model of the s orbitals establishes a mathematical relationship between energy/frequency space, in which the electron has a defined probability of residing, and physical space, which is defined by the x, y and z axes. As an electron moves along an infinite, double-helix-shaped loop in a standing wave with two periods — changing its spin from up to down four times during one orbit — the spectral lines can be interpreted as the boundaries of the respective s orbital. Spectral lines indicate the energy jumps that electrons make between atomic orbitals. Emission lines appear as bright lines against a dark background, indicating an electron's quantum leap into a lower-energy orbital. When the electron falls back into a lower, more stable orbital, the spectral line lights up again. During a quantum jump, excess energy is emitted in the form of a photon. The wavelength — and thus the colour — of this light corresponds exactly to the energy gap between the two orbitals. When an atom is irradiated with white light, absorption lines appear as dark lines in the visible light spectrum. In this process, an electron in the ground state absorbs the energy of the photons irradiating it, enabling it to jump to a lower orbital. The electron then emits a photon whose energy precisely corresponds to the energy gap between the orbitals. When the electron jumps to the next higher orbital, the corresponding photon is missing from the spectrum, resulting in a dark line. The energy difference between the orbitals can be calculated using the formula ΔE = hf, where h is Planck's constant and f is the frequency or wavelength of the line. Since each element has a unique orbital arrangement, it has a distinctive spectral line pattern. This enables us to identify the elements present in stars.
#resrom3 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #quantummechanics #electron #gravity #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience
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Chapter 4: Hydrogen -- https://lnkd.in/ee5yy3EF
The One Geometric Structure that Governs the Universe as a Whole is presented here.
How Gravity Interacts With Spacetime. The concept of a 'vacuum' between celestial bodies is theoretical. Space is not truly empty because gravity still exerts its influence there. The phenomenon of two masses physically attracting each other has never been observed directly. Even the renowned scientist Newton refrained from making speculative hypotheses about it, stating that he had no theory. The concept of a 'vacuum' also applies to the space between the nucleus of an atom and its electron shell. Using the hydrogen atom as a model, Niels Bohr accurately calculated the distance between the nucleus and the electron orbit. This distance is equivalent to approximately one-twentieth of a nanometre. Compared to the atomic nucleus, Bohr's radius seems substantial: it is equivalent to the distance between a microsphere at the centre of a football stadium and the outermost rows, representing the electron's innermost orbital. The video illustrates the four quantum field levels of the s-orbitals in the form of four nested hollow spheres. It demonstrates how the eccentric orbits (T and T') produce ring-shaped bands. Each band comprises complementary colours that blend together to create a unique colour for each s-orbital. The direction of the electron spin changes within each s-orbital. For example, in the s1 orbital, the distance between an inner blue circle and an outer green circle defines a hollow spherical quantum space. The electron occupies an orbital on the surface of a uniform transformation sphere within this space.This transformation sphere fulfils the conditions of a Poincaré group and undergoes Lorentz transformations, as well as rotations and translations. This implies that the electron can be found at any point within the hollow sphere defined by the blue and green circles. Furthermore, it can be demonstrated that the path length of an electron in the orbitals of the hydrogen atom is proportional to the radius of the blue and yellow semicircular arcs. Therefore, the path length for fermions can generally be expressed as 4πr. Assuming that gravity is a property of spacetime, it can be said to change its 'sign' as it passes through the four quantum field planes, resulting in it manifesting as both an attractive and a repulsive force. Consequently, a balance of forces is established between the atomic nucleus and the electron shell, preventing the electron from crashing into the nucleus. This balance is consistent with astrophysical observations of black holes and the expansion of the universe.
#resrom4 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #hydrogen #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 5: Protium, Deuterium, and Tritium -- https://youtu.be/b03Ja1dgn6g?si=Ks4Z1osJhFi4A9IT
The One Geometric Structure that Governs the Universe as a Whole is presented here.
Deuterium and tritium are the two heavy isotopes of hydrogen. Like hydrogen, they have only one electron in their outer shell. According to the relativistic orbital model, the orbitals of deuterium and tritium are identical to those of protium, or normal hydrogen. Within the spherical cloud of the 1s orbital, there is an endless double-helix-shaped loop. The outer and inner radii of this loop are each determined by the 90 per cent line. This line was defined arbitrarily to improve the model's manageability. It limits the probability that the respective electron will be found there. The shape of the orbitals is determined by the proton number of the atomic nucleus and the electron's quantum numbers, rather than by the nucleus's mass. Since all hydrogen isotopes have one proton, their electron shells are identical. Despite their identical shape, there are minute differences known as the isotope effect. The increased number of neutrons shifts the atom’s centre of mass slightly due to the heavier nucleus. This results in reduced zero-point energy and influences bond lengths in molecules. However, the orbital itself retains its fundamental, spherically symmetric 1s shape because the double-helical loop around the atomic nucleus can rotate freely. Zero-point energy is the energy retained by a quantum system, such as a chemical bond, at absolute zero (0 K). This energy arises from constant quantum mechanical vibrations and depends on the atom's mass. The heavier the atom, the slower it vibrates for a given bond strength. Zero-point energy (E₀) is inversely proportional to the square root of the reduced mass (μ). A heavier atom has a greater μ and therefore a lower energy value. Comparison of hydrogen isotopes: Protium (¹H) has the smallest mass. It possesses the highest zero-point energy in bonds such as O–H and C–H. Deuterium (²H or D), the heavy hydrogen atom, is twice as heavy as protium. It has a notably lower zero-point energy. Tritium (³H or T) is the heaviest hydrogen isotope, being three times as heavy as protium. It also has the lowest zero-point energy. Consequently, deuterium lies deeper in the potential well of the chemical bond. More activation energy is required to break a bond involving deuterium than a bond involving normal hydrogen. This phenomenon is known as the kinetic isotope effect.
#resrom5 out of hashtag resrom1 up to resrom17 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #hydrogen #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience
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Chapter 6: Helium -- https://studio.youtube.com/video/yaRj...
In the resonant spherical model, an s-orbital is considered to be a ring oscillation with two periods. The doubly positively charged nucleus exerts a strong attractive force on the two helium electrons, forcing them independently into an orbital path involving four changes in spin (s, s') from 'up' to 'down'. This ring-shaped oscillation may also be referred to as a standing wave, with the amplitude being defined by the centre line between the inner and outer 90 per cent lines. The probability of finding the two helium electrons is determined by these lines, which comprise four arcs of equal length. Each arc is connected to the others within a common angular momentum plane (β'). The two electrons move independently on two separate transformation spheres, rotating in opposite directions around the atomic nucleus. The electron-electron interaction is characterised by mutual repulsion between the negatively charged electrons (e), which repel one another according to Coulomb's law. In the resonant orbital model, the two electrons of the s-orbital are located on the surfaces of antiphase oscillating spheres of equal radius, enabling them to be positioned as far apart as possible. This quantum mechanical choreography enables the electrons to move along precise, predictable, equal-length trajectories — similar to Keplerian orbits — while simultaneously defining an entangled probability space with the inner and outer 90 per cent lines. This probability space corresponds to the results of the Schrödinger equation. The probability of finding the two electrons within this space depends on the radius of the respective s-orbital transformation sphere and the Pauli exclusion principle. During one orbital revolution, the spin (s, s') changes from 'up' to 'down' four times. This means that fluid dynamic equilibrium can be achieved with just one electron, as observed in hydrogen in Chapters 4 and 5. This equilibrium allows atoms to form molecules and crystals without creating unwanted electric fields. Changing the spin direction (s, s') at least four times causes subatomic particles to behave like a fluid that organises the development of living organisms.
#resrom6 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #helium #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 7: Beryllium and Quantum Gravity -- https://lnkd.in/ewyE5VJr
Niels Bohr's 1913 spherical shell model of atoms is incompatible with Albert Einstein's general theory of relativity, which describes how space and time bend on a macroscopic scale. Einstein presented this theory to the Prussian Academy of Sciences in Berlin on 25 November 1915. In contrast, Bohr coined the term 'quantum leap', thereby highlighting the connection between spacetime and quantum physics for the first time. However, the opportunity to further develop a relativistic orbital model was lost when the uncertainty principle was introduced to nuclear science. This was due to the wave-particle paradox, which was first observed by Werner Heisenberg in 1927, and the equations established by Erwin Schrödinger in 1926 to calculate the probability of an electron's position. Nevertheless, it is important to recognise that electrons exist as particles characterised by mass, an axis of angular momentum, and quantum properties when observed. The novel quantum gravity theory illustrates this using the example of beryllium, in which two electrons occupy the 1s and 2s orbitals. This theory applies to all 25 elementary quantum building blocks, from which all matter — including crystals, molecules, and the 118 known chemical elements — is derived. Consequently, the cubic and spherical orbital model presented here can be considered a consistent theory of the curvature of space and time. This includes quantum leaps and dwell times that depend on the energy level of the shell, as well as resonance effects involving zero-point energy. It is through these effects that entangled information can travel instantaneously. Therefore, the notion of the present as a boundary between the past and the future becomes obsolete.
#resrom7 #resuft #beryllium #chemistry #chemistryrevision #resatom #quantumgravety #quantummechanics #electron #standardmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #science #physics #Newton #Einstein #generalrelativity #cosmology #astrophysics #teamres
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Chapter 8: Boron and Carbon -- https://studio.youtube.com/video/O5gx
The One Geometric Structure that Governs the Universe as a Whole is presented here.
According to the resonant orbital model, the outermost shell of boron and carbon orbitals comprises two spherical s-orbitals and one dumbbell-shaped p-orbital. In its ground state, the electron shell of the boron atom contains five electrons, arranged in the configuration 1s²2s²2p¹. According to this model, the small spherical s-orbital in the innermost shell is fully occupied by two electrons. Boron is the first element in which a p-orbital is occupied. Of the three possible dumbbell-shaped p orbitals (p_(1x), p_(2y) and p_(3z)), exactly one is occupied by a single electron. This orbital lies along one of the three spatial axes: x, y or z. In the resonant orbital model, a carbon atom has six electrons in total. Two of these electrons oscillate as a standing wave in the 1s² orbital, completing two cycles around the atomic nucleus within the first transformation sphere, which has a radius of r₁. The other two electrons act as valence electrons, oscillating as a standing wave in the 2s² orbital at twice the frequency of the 1s² orbital. These electrons complete two cycles around the nucleus within a second transformation sphere with a larger radius (r₂). The region occupied by the remaining two valence electrons in a carbon atom’s electron shell is characterised by a dumbbell-shaped orbital. According to the relativistic spherical model, the probability of finding the six electrons corresponds to the results obtained by solving the Schrödinger equation. The electron shell of carbon (atomic number 6) fills from the inside out. Its four valence electrons determine its tetravalent bonding behaviour, whereby it always forms four bonds. To achieve a noble gas configuration of eight electrons and become stable, carbon shares four of its electrons with other atoms. Carbon preferentially forms covalent bonds, also known as electron pair bonds, with hydrogen. Orbitals, the 'residences' of electrons, often rearrange in a process called hybridisation. This allows single, double or triple bonds to form. Carbon forms long chains and rings by bonding with itself, forming the basis of life. The next element in the periodic table is nitrogen, which has seven electrons: two in the s¹ orbital and five valence electrons. The two occupied p orbitals of carbon and boron are perpendicular to each other. This configuration determines the bonding behaviour of these elements. These elements are rarely found in their pure ground state. The hybridisation of s- and p-orbitals creates new equivalent orbitals. Carbon typically forms four sp³ hybrid orbitals in a tetrahedral configuration, forming four equivalent bonds. Boron, on the other hand, often forms three bonds with trigonal-planar sp² hybrid orbitals.
#resrom8 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #boron #carbon #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 9: Oxygen and Nitrogen -- https://lnkd.in/ea8VdYzf
According to the resonant orbital model, the 1s orbitals of nitrogen and oxygen are depicted as small, perfect, green, hollow spheres that surround the atomic nucleus. Looking inside the sphere reveals two quadruple-twisted belts in complementary colours: blue for nitrogen and yellow for oxygen. These define a spherical volume within which the two 1s² electrons are found with 90 per cent probability. The two negatively charged electrons repel each other and cannot approach the positively charged nucleus too closely. From an energetic point of view, the most favourable way to fulfil these seemingly contradictory requirements is a trajectory consisting of four equal-length arcs connected in the β′ angular momentum plane. To prevent acceleration along this orbit and ensure the electrons do not diverge, the orbital curves must lie on the surface of a transformation sphere with a uniform radius for the respective s-orbital. The Poincaré group satisfies this condition by combining Lorentz transformations, rotations, and translations. The 2s² orbital is depicted as a violet hollow sphere containing two belt-like structures, each of which contains one electron in a complementary colour (either blue or red). The three 2p orbitals each have a distinct dumbbell shape perpendicular to the other two and contain one electron each. Since oxygen has one more electron than nitrogen, two of the three p orbitals are each occupied by two electrons. At very high temperatures, nitrogen and oxygen form covalent bonds by sharing electrons. The new molecules formed in this process are nitrogen oxides. In air, nitrogen (N₂) and oxygen (O₂) always occur in pairs, floating without combining at normal temperatures. The nitrogen molecule is very stable due to its triple bond. At room temperature, there is not enough energy to break this strong bond. However, when temperatures rise significantly — for example, during a lightning strike or inside a car engine — the strong bonds of the original gases break. This allows the nitrogen and oxygen atoms to share electrons and form covalent bonds, producing the hazardous gases nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO₂).
#resrom9 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #oxygen #nitrogen #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 10: Fluorine and Neon -- https://studio.youtube.com/video/DJqk
In line with the existing atomic orbital model, the 1s orbital is depicted as a small, green hollow sphere that surrounds the atomic nucleus closely in the resonance orbital model. Looking inside the 1s orbital reveals two quadruply twisted belt structures in complementary blue and yellow. In the cases of fluorine and neon, these structures define a spherical volume within which the two 1s² electrons are found with 90 per cent probability. The two negatively charged electrons repel one another and cannot approach the positively charged nucleus. From an energetic point of view, the most favourable way to fulfil these seemingly contradictory requirements is a path composed of four equal-length arcs connected at junction points (J1–J4) in the β'-angular momentum plane. The electrons' trajectories are all equal in length and lie on the surface of a transformation sphere with a uniform radius. Therefore, unlike in the conventional orbital model, no energy needs to be expended on acceleration or evasive manoeuvres. This condition can be satisfied by a Lorentz transformation combined with a rotation or translation, known as the Poincaré group.The 2s² orbital encloses the blue 1s² orbital within a violet hollow sphere. The 2s² orbital also exhibits two quadruple-twisted belt structures, each containing one electron. These structures have complementary colours of blue and red. Three 2p orbitals have distinct dumbbell shapes perpendicular to each other. These orbitals are occupied by five electrons in fluorine and six in neon. Consequently, fluorine has an atomic number of nine, while neon has an atomic number of ten as it possesses three 3p orbitals, each of which accommodates two electrons. The 1s² and 2s² orbitals in fluorine and the 3p² orbital in neon define the region in which the electrons are found with 90 per cent probability.
#resrom10 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #fluorine #neon #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 11: Manganese and Iron -- https://studio.youtube.com/video/ygQj
According to the relativistic orbital model, the 1s orbital of the transition metals manganese (Mn) and iron (Fe) forms a small, perfect, hollow sphere that closely surrounds the atomic nucleus. Looking inside this sphere, which is shown in green for fluorine and neon, reveals two quadruple-twisted belts in complementary blue and yellow. The two negatively charged electrons repel each other and cannot approach the positively charged nucleus too closely. From an energetic point of view, the most favorable way to fulfill these seemingly contradictory requirements is a trajectory consisting of four arcs of equal length connected in the β′ angular momentum plane. For these electrons to neither accelerate nor avoid one another, and for their orbital curves to be equal in length, they must lie on the surface of a transformation sphere with a uniform radius. The 2s² orbital forms a violet hollow sphere. Complementary blue and red colors represent two belt structures, each of which accommodates one electron. The blue 1s² orbital is surrounded by the s³ orbital. Each band structure of the s³ orbital is occupied by a single electron and forms an orange hollow sphere with complementary colors. The outermost electron shell of the s orbitals forms an additional hollow sphere. The complementary red and green band structures of the s orbitals, each occupied by a single electron, merge to form a brown sphere. Each fully occupied, perfectly hollow spherical orbital contains two band structures, and the spin undergoes a fourfold sequence to return to the starting point of a standing wave in a universal orbit with an angular sum of 720°. According to the hypothesis presented here for the first time, the oscillation of the s orbitals can be explained by the Poincaré conjecture and derives energy from cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR). The s-orbital belt structure, illustrated using transition metals such as manganese and iron, repeats on a scale 10¹⁰ times smaller—the Planck scale—enabling resonance with the CMB. Each energy level is associated with three dumbbell-shaped p orbitals (p_x, p_y, and p_z) along mutually perpendicular spatial axes (x, y, and z), shown in yellow. These five 3D orbitals play a crucial role in the chemistry of manganese and iron. Four of these, d_(xy), d_(xz), d_(yz), and d_(x²-y²), are shaped like four-leaf clovers. The fifth, d_(z²), resembles a dumbbell surrounded by a torus. The key difference between manganese and iron lies in their electron configurations. Although the "empty" spaces appear similar, the orbitals are filled differently in the two elements' respective configurations. Manganese has 25 electrons. Its electron configuration is [Ar] 3d⁵ 4s². According to Hund's rule, the electrons in the 3d level are arranged so that each of the five d-orbitals initially contains one electron with the same spin. The 3d level is therefore half-filled. This symmetrical distribution gives manganese's d-orbitals a uniform electron cloud, which provides the atom with a particular degree of energetic stability. Iron, on the other hand, has 26 electrons, one more than manganese. Its configuration is [Ar] 3d⁶ 4s². Since five d orbitals must accommodate six electrons, pairing occurs in one of the cloverleaf orbitals. According to the Pauli exclusion principle, this orbital can hold two electrons with opposite spins. The remaining four d orbitals are singly occupied. Due to the double occupancy of one of the orbitals, the symmetry is slightly more disrupted than in manganese. The presence of four unpaired electrons gives elemental iron its pronounced ferromagnetic properties.
#resrom11 #resuft #resatom #chemistryrevision #manganese #iron #quantummechanics #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 12: The Water Molecule -- https://lnkd.in/ePeqiuNP
Ten electrons are involved in the resonant covalent orbital model of the water molecule. Due to its versatile properties, water is essential to life on Earth. Its physical, chemical, electrical, and optical properties depend on its molecular structure, as well as the bonds and interactions between its molecules. A polar covalent bond is defined as a chemical bond in which the involved atoms carry partial charges due to their differing electronegativities (3.44 for oxygen and 2.2 for hydrogen). In the case of water, this difference results in a bipolar molecule consisting of one negatively charged oxygen atom and two positively charged hydrogen atoms. The bond between the oxygen and hydrogen atoms is not strong enough to form a covalent ionic bond. Oxygen, a member of the sixth main group of the periodic table, has six outer electrons. The two hydrogen atoms are arranged at a 104.5-degree angle to each other. There are two types of hydrogen bonds: linear, with a bond angle of 180°, and non-linear, with a bond angle ranging from 160° to 200°. Nonlinear bonds form a tetrahedral network. The typical length of a hydrogen bond is 0.18 nm. Hydrogen bonding is responsible for many of water's important properties. These include its liquid state under normal conditions, cohesion, its relatively high boiling point, and its density anomaly. Van der Waals forces act between water molecules, constantly breaking up and reassembling molecular clusters. This gives water its remarkable properties. For instance, water is a liquid above freezing, yet it solidifies into ice below 0°C when six water molecules form a ring via hydrogen bonds. Below -22°C, this forms a cubic ice structure. The high energy required to convert liquid water to vapor at 100°C is due to the fact that hydrogen bonds must be broken during evaporation, requiring more energy than is needed for other substances.
#resrom12 #resuft #water #chemistry #chemistryrevision #water #quantummechanics #resatom #electron #standardmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 13: When Water Turns to Ice -- https://lnkd.in/djaTWWiJ
When water freezes, its molecules slow down and form a fixed, hexagonal crystal structure. This process is accompanied by an increase in volume. This process occurs at 0°C (32°F) and is known as freezing. To see how water particles slow down and lock together when changing from a liquid to a solid, see "Why Does Water Freeze?" Molecular Changes: Slower Movement: Water particles lose heat energy, causing them to move much more slowly than in warm liquid water. Bonding: Stable hydrogen bonds form between the molecules, locking them into a permanent open-ring pattern. The molecules are slightly farther apart in ice than in liquid water, which makes ice less dense and causes it to float. Liquid water changes to ice at 0°C (32°F) under normal air pressure. Ice requires a small impurity, such as a speck of dust or a scratch on a container, to begin forming crystals. The process of turning into a solid gently releases tiny amounts of heat into the surrounding area.
#resrom13 #resuft #water #chemistry #chemistryrevision #ice #quantummechanics #resatom #electron #standardmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 14: The Four Hybrid Orbitals of Methane -- https://lnkd.in/e_CQjwkt
This animated model illustrates hybrid orbitals, which are based on chained ring oscillations. Each blue or red semicircular arc represents a plane in which an electron moves at 1000 meters per second (km/s), thereby inducing a magnetic field. The example of methane shows how its four electrons combine with the electrons of four hydrogen atoms within hybrid orbitals. Each of the four hybrid orbitals consists of six semicircular arcs of equal radius. Three of these arcs lie close to the carbon atom's nucleus and three lie close to the hydrogen atom's nucleus. The arcs are connected in a common plane, and the direction of the centripetal force exerted on the electrons changes suddenly by 90 degrees at each of the six connection points. This results in a torque being exerted on the electrons' angular momentum axis, initiating a transition from an upward spin to a downward spin. Due to the mirror symmetry of the four hybrid orbitals in relation to the angular momentum plane, the induced magnetic forces cancel each other out. This ensures that the methane molecule exerts no forces on its atomic or molecular environment. The offset of the momentum planes of the hybrid orbitals at 109.5° gives rise to the tetrahedral structure characteristic of methane. The final sequence of the animation shows the four electron "crowns" of methane coming together to form a six-period ring vibration that orbits both the carbon and hydrogen nuclei six times. Hybrid orbitals, based on the structural form of a double helix, are fundamental to carbon chemistry. The model of orbitals formed from spheres and fractals of spheres is a resonant orbital model whose implications extend beyond carbon chemistry. This model forms the basis of a unified theory that encompasses all natural sciences.
#resom14 #resuft #chemistry #chemistryrevision #methane #quantummechanics #resatom #electron #standartmodel #gravity #entaglement #eneutrality #naturalscience #physics #chemistry #astronomy #molecularbiology #materialscience #medicine #biology #neuroscience #teamres
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Chapter 15: Benzene and August Kekulé's Dream -- https://lnkd.in/ez3k8bdM
Ladies and gentlemen, the Res Institute proudly presents a resonant orbital model using benzene as an example. The benzene ring is depicted with six mobile electrons, in accordance with its molecular formula, C₆H₆. Benzene is the parent compound of aromatic hydrocarbons. This colorless liquid has a distinctive, sweet, aromatic odor. It is highly flammable and burns with a strong, sooty flame. It is nonpolar and miscible with many organic solvents but not water. Discussions about the structure of benzene played a central role in developing organic chemistry theory. According to legend, in 1865, the German chemist August Kekulé had a dream in which he saw a snake biting its own tail. This image of the ouroboros marked the beginning of hydrocarbon chemistry in Germany. Kekulé's model was the first to reflect the finding that all carbon atoms in benzene are equivalent. Born on September 7, 1829, in Darmstadt, Kekulé died on July 13, 1896, in Bonn. He was a German chemist and natural scientist who laid the foundations for the modern structural theory of organic chemistry. From 1895 onward, he was also known as Kekulé von Stradonitz.
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Chapter 16: Graphene -- https://lnkd.in/edR67HE4
The fundamental importance of graphene as a revolutionary material in modern science and technology stems from its intrinsic properties. Its physical, chemical, electrical, mechanical, and structural properties depend on its molecular structure and the bonds and interactions between carbon atoms within the graphene sheet. A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond in which the involved atoms share electrons to achieve stability. In graphene, this concept is realized through a network of carbon atoms arranged in a two-dimensional, hexagonal lattice. Each carbon atom is covalently bonded to three neighboring carbon atoms via sigma bonds, forming a continuous, planar structure. The carbon-carbon bond lengths in graphene are approximately 1.42 angstroms (Å), slightly shorter than the typical single bond length due to partial double-bond character arising from delocalization. As second-period elements, the carbon atoms in graphene utilize sp² hybridization. Each carbon atom forms three sp² hybrid orbitals that overlap with the sp² orbitals of neighboring carbon atoms. These overlaps create the σ-bonds that give the graphene lattice its structural integrity. The unhybridized p orbitals of each carbon atom are perpendicular to the plane of the sheet and overlap to form an extensive π-electron system. The delocalization of these π electrons extends across the entire graphene sheet, giving graphene its remarkable electronic and thermal conductivity.
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Chapter 17: Superconductivity in Graphene -- https://lnkd.in/e6iSpprU
A change in the spin oscillation mode enables electron superposition, affecting conductivity. You are all familiar with the saying, "Not seeing the forest for the trees." Almost a hundred years ago, Paul Dirac must have felt the same way when he wrote the following comment on his fundamental results at the end of his 1928 essay "On the Quantum Theory of the Electron," published in Physikalische Zeitschrift, volume XXIX: "The theory allows transitions from +e to −e." However, the probability of these transitions is extremely small. Consequently, the present theory is an approximation. This difficulty can only be solved by fundamentally changing our current ideas, which may be related to the difference between the past and the future." Across time and space, I would like to address the venerable master. Perhaps the transition from +e to −e is so ubiquitous that it is overlooked, like the forest in which the trees stand. The video clip bears all the hallmarks of the fundamental change in ideas proposed by Paul Dirac. The single electron shown in yellow makes the transition from +e to −e four times in a single orbit. Without this ability, an electron would generate an electric vortex field at a speed of 2,200 km/s as a bipolar charge carrier. This process would occur simultaneously with the excitation of neighboring electrons. The consequences of such an event at the synapses of the human brain, for example, are alarming because they would result in an inability to think. Despite its potential to be a ubiquitous quantum mechanical principle governing the universe's operation, the transition from +e to −e is considered nonexistent due to its common occurrence.
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Chapter 18: Quantum Fourier Transformation -- https://lnkd.in/eyzQhksq
The priority patent application, entitled "Induction System for a Fusion Reactor" and filed on September 8, 2023 under number DE1023003740A1, as well as the subsequent application, entitled "Fusion Reactor Having a Spherical Magnetic Field" and filed on April 21, 2024 under number WO 2024/256066A1, examine the relationship between temperature, pressure, density, and time in order to enable the long-term confinement of magnetic plasma. The applications explore this relationship to achieve permanent magnetic plasma confinement. The invention relates to the confinement of electrons and ions by inertia. As a result of this development, a new orbital model of general relevance was discovered. This model establishes a link between time and the number of periods in ring oscillation. Endless loops are arranged in a double-helical configuration around a central point. Similar to charged particles, fermions change direction by 180 degrees four times per revolution. This causes them to return to their initial state within one orbital cycle. The orbital model described in the patent specification has a clear geometric structure and can therefore be precisely defined. However, asymmetric conditions arise because the magnetic field of a fusion reactor, chemical element, or black hole is stronger on the concave inner side of a sphere aligned toward the center than on its convex outer side. Consequently, the central magnetic field line shifts toward the center in each case. The orbital layer structure of chemical elements, the layered structure of a fusion reactor's plasma volume, and the plasma body of a double helix within the event horizon of a black hole all exhibit asymmetrical magnetic fields. Remarkably, this imbalance and the resulting dynamics can explain the existence of the universe, life on Earth, and our own existence. Assuming the speed of light is constant, we can conclude that light travels faster through empty space than through denser matter. Different vibrations of the field cause matter to fold in different ways. As the video demonstrates, entangled matter exhibits primordial nodal points that correspond to the high and low points of linear chains, as well as twofold and multfold entangled structures. These can be expressed using the Fourier transform. This results in linear or spatial folding structures of matter. However, the formation of chemical elements, molecules, crystals, and organic structures — including life itself — can only be explained by quantum mechanical mechanisms that enable the separation of chained and networked structures within the entangled universe. In many respects, the physics of the universe and nature cannot fulfill mathematics' claim to absoluteness. For example, absolute mirror symmetry would destroy the mirror-symmetrical halves of a dynamic system because the electric charge of a carrier would change sign.
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